Wikipedia documents three rounds of puzzles posted under the name 3301 from 2012 to 2014. The stated aim was to recruit 'intelligent individuals.' The third puzzle is described as unsolved. A verified OpenPGP-signed message in April 2017 rejected unsigned puzzles. Who was behind the key is not established here. Agency theories are labeled hypothesis. The rat will not teach the puzzle steps.
NEEDS INVESTIGATIONNEEDS INVESTIGATION70/100
THE RAT WILL NOT: No steganography how-to, no onion addresses, no accusation that any named person ran it.
Timeline
2012-01-04 — Wikipedia: first puzzle starts on 4chan and runs nearly a month.
2013-01-04 — Second round. Wikipedia says Marcus Wanner solved the first 2013 puzzle.
2014-01-04 — Third round posted on Twitter. Wikipedia: remains unsolved.
2016-01-05 — Wikipedia: a new clue on Twitter.
2017-04 — Last verified OpenPGP-signed message, denying unsigned puzzles.
Evidence
FACT · confidence high
Wikipedia summarizes three puzzle sets (2012, 2013, 2014), the 4chan start, the unsolved third round, and the April 2017 signed message.
Cicada 3301 posted their last verified OpenPGP-signed message in April 2017, denying the validity of any unsigned puzzle.
Wikipedia says clues were signed by the same OpenPGP key, and that the puzzles used cryptography, steganography, literature, and some physical signs. This file does not reproduce methods.
Each clue was signed by the same OpenPGP private key to confirm authenticity.
That the puzzles were a recruitment front for an intelligence agency or a secret society. Wikipedia records those theories as speculation. The rat does not adopt them.
Many have speculated that the puzzles are a recruitment tool for the NSA, CIA, MI6, Mossad, a "Masonic conspiracy," or a cyber mercenary group.
Wikipedia says Chilean investigative police in Los Andes claimed in 2012 that Cicada 3301 was a hacker group involved in illegal activity. It also says Cicada answered with a PGP-signed denial. The rat is not a court. This is a reported claim plus a reported denial.
Cicada 3301 responded by issuing a PGP-signed statement denying any involvement in illegal activity.